What is the main cause of cancer?
a) Genetic mutations
b) Viral infections
c) Environmental factors
d) Hormonal imbalances
Answer: a) Genetic mutations
Which of the following is a risk factor for developing cancer?
a) Regular exercise
b) Healthy diet
c) Smoking
d) Vaccination
Answer: c) Smoking
What is the process by which cancer cells spread from one site to another?
a) Metastasis
b) Angiogenesis
c) Apoptosis
d) Differentiation
Answer: a) Metastasis
What is the term for a benign tumor?
a) Sarcoma
b) Carcinoma
c) Adenoma
d) Melanoma
Answer: c) Adenoma
Which of the following is a common treatment for cancer?
a) Radiation therapy
b) Antibiotics
c) Blood transfusion
d) Psychotherapy
Answer: a) Radiation therapy
What is the function of oncogenes in cancer development?
a) Promote cell growth and division
b) Suppress cell growth and division
c) Repair damaged DNA
d) Regulate immune responses
Answer: a) Promote cell growth and division
Which of the following is a characteristic of malignant tumors?
a) Limited growth
b) Invasive behavior
c) Differentiated cells
d) Encapsulated structure
Answer: b) Invasive behavior
What is the term for the process by which normal cells become cancerous?
a) Carcinogenesis
b) Apoptosis
c) Differentiation
d) Metastasis
Answer: a) Carcinogenesis
Which of the following is a screening test for breast cancer?
a) Mammography
b) Pap test
c) Colonoscopy
d) PSA test
Answer: a) Mammography
What is the role of tumor suppressor genes in cancer development?
a) Inhibit cell growth and division
b) Promote cell growth and division
c) Repair damaged DNA
d) Regulate immune responses
Answer: a) Inhibit cell growth and division
Which of the following is a risk factor for skin cancer?
a) Vitamin D deficiency
b) Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation
c) Obesity
d) Family history of diabetes
Answer: b) Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation
What is the term for the removal of a small piece of tissue for examination under a microscope?
a) Biopsy
b) Chemotherapy
c) Immunotherapy
d) Radiotherapy
Answer: a) Biopsy
Which of the following is a risk factor for lung cancer?
a) Regular exercise
b) Low-fat diet
c) Exposure to tobacco smoke
d) Genetic predisposition
Answer: c) Exposure to tobacco smoke
What is the term for the spread of cancer cells through the lymphatic system?
a) Lymphangiogenesis
b) Lymphadenopathy
c) Lymphadenitis
d) Lymphatic metastasis
Answer: d) Lymphatic metastasis
Which of the following is a targeted therapy used in the treatment of cancer?
a) Chemotherapy
b) Radiation therapy
c) Immunotherapy
d) Hormone therapy
Answer: d) Hormone therapy
What is the term for the process by which cancer cells acquire the ability to evade cell death?
a) Apoptosis
b) Angiogenesis
c) Metastasis
d) Immortalization
Answer: d) Immortalization
Which of the following is a risk factor for colorectal cancer?
a) High-fiber diet
b) Regular screening
c) Family history of lung cancer
d) Inflammatory bowel disease
Answer: d) Inflammatory bowel disease
What is the term for the abnormal growth of cells in the prostate gland?
a) Prostatectomy
b) Prostatitis
c) Prostate cancer
d) Prostatic hyperplasia
Answer: c) Prostate cancer
Which of the following is a symptom of leukemia?
a) Skin rash
b) Abdominal pain
c) Unexplained weight gain
d) Easy bruising or bleeding
Answer: d) Easy bruising or bleeding
What is the term for the process by which cancer cells develop the ability to form new blood vessels?
a) Angiogenesis
b) Metastasis
c) Apoptosis
d) Differentiation
Answer: a) Angiogenesis
Which of the following is a risk factor for ovarian cancer?
a) Early menopause
b) Hormone replacement therapy
c) Multiple pregnancies
d) Use of oral contraceptives
Answer: a) Early menopause
What is the term for the use of drugs to treat cancer?
a) Chemotherapy
b) Radiotherapy
c) Immunotherapy
d) Hormone therapy
Answer: a) Chemotherapy
Which of the following is a risk factor for liver cancer?
a) Alcohol consumption
b) Physical inactivity
c) Sun exposure
d) Vegetarian diet
Answer: a) Alcohol consumption
What is the term for the process by which cancer cells develop the ability to invade nearby tissues?
a) Metastasis
b) Angiogenesis
c) Apoptosis
d) Local invasion
Answer: d) Local invasion
Which of the following is a common symptom of breast cancer?
a) Headache
b) Back pain
c) Breast lump
d) Abdominal bloating
Answer: c) Breast lump
What is the term for the use of high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells?
a) Chemotherapy
b) Immunotherapy
c) Radiotherapy
d) Hormone therapy
Answer: c) Radiotherapy
Which of the following is a risk factor for cervical cancer?
a) Early childbirth
b) Tuberculosis infection
c) Regular Pap smears
d) High-fiber diet
Answer: a) Early childbirth
What is the term for the spontaneous regression of cancer without treatment?
a) Remission
b) Recurrence
c) Metastasis
d) Spontaneous remission
Answer: d) Spontaneous remission
Which of the following is a risk factor for pancreatic cancer?
a) Regular physical activity
b) High intake of fruits and vegetables
c) Obesity
d) Use of aspirin
Answer: c) Obesity
What is the term for the process by which cancer cells lose their specialized features and become more like stem cells?
a) Dedifferentiation
b) Apoptosis
c) Angiogenesis
d) Metastasis
Answer: a) Dedifferentiation
Which of the following is a risk factor for bladder cancer?
a) Regular fluid intake
b) Low-fat diet
c) Exposure to asbestos
d) Family history of breast cancer
Answer: c) Exposure to asbestos
What is the term for the surgical removal of a tumor and the surrounding tissue?
a) Biopsy
b) Mastectomy
c) Lumpectomy
d) Radical excision
Answer: d) Radical excision
Which of the following is a symptom of lung cancer?
a) Abdominal pain
b) Persistent cough
c) Memory loss
d) Joint stiffness
Answer: b) Persistent cough
What is the term for the process by which cancer cells avoid destruction by the immune system?
a) Immunomodulation
b) Immunodeficiency
c) Immunosuppression
d) Immune evasion
Answer: d) Immune evasion
Which of the following is a risk factor for testicular cancer?
a) Late puberty
b) Family history of prostate cancer
c) Alcohol consumption
d) Undescended testicle
Answer: d) Undescended testicle
What is the term for the targeted destruction of cancer cells using the body’s immune system?
a) Chemotherapy
b) Radiotherapy
c) Immunotherapy
d) Hormone therapy
Answer: c) Immunotherapy
Which of the following is a risk factor for esophageal cancer?
a) Regular consumption of fruits and vegetables
b) Low intake of red meat
c) Smoking
d) Regular physical activity
Answer: c) Smoking
What is the term for the process by which cancer cells become resistant to chemotherapy drugs?
a) Chemoresistance
b) Apoptosis
c) Angiogenesis
d) Metastasis
Answer: a) Chemoresistance
Which of the following is a symptom of colorectal cancer?
a) Visual disturbances
b) Shortness of breath
c) Rectal bleeding
d) Muscle weakness
Answer: c) Rectal bleeding
What is the term for the genetic alteration that occurs in cancer cells and is not present in normal cells?
a) Mutation
b) Polymorphism
c) Allele
d) Variant
Answer: a) Mutation
Which of the following is a risk factor for kidney cancer?
a) High intake of sugar-sweetened beverages
b) Regular use of sunscreen
c) Hormone replacement therapy
d) Smoking
Answer: d) Smoking
What is the term for the process by which cancer cells acquire the ability to sustain their own growth signals?
a) Angiogenesis
b) Metastasis
c) Self-sufficiency in growth signals
d) Insensitivity to antigrowth signals
Answer: c) Self-sufficiency in growth signals
Which of the following is a symptom of prostate cancer?
a) Abdominal pain
b) Frequent urination
c) Blurred vision
d) Persistent headache
Answer: b) Frequent urination
What is the term for the process by which cancer cells avoid being recognized and destroyed by the immune system?
a) Immunomodulation
b) Immunodeficiency
c) Immunosuppression
d) Immune evasion
Answer: d) Immune evasion
Which of the following is a risk factor for stomach cancer?
a) Regular consumption of fruits and vegetables
b) Low intake of processed meat
c) Obesity
d) Regular exercise
Answer: c) Obesity
What is the term for the process by which cancer cells acquire the ability to resist cell death signals?
a) Apoptosis
b) Angiogenesis
c) Metastasis
d) Resistance to cell death
Answer: d) Resistance to cell death
Which of the following is a risk factor for endometrial cancer?
a) Late menopause
b) Multiple pregnancies
c) Hormone replacement therapy
d) Regular exercise
Answer: c) Hormone replacement therapy
What is the term for the process by which cancer cells acquire the ability to replicate indefinitely?
a) Telomere shortening
b) Telomere lengthening
c) Telomere stabilization
d) Telomere maintenance
Answer: b) Telomere lengthening
Which of the following is a symptom of pancreatic cancer?
a) Skin discoloration
b) Chest pain
c) Hair loss
d) Jaundice
Answer: d) Jaundice
What is the term for the process by which cancer cells acquire the ability to induce new blood vessel formation?
a) Angiogenesis
b) Metastasis
c) Apoptosis
d) Differentiation
Answer: a) Angiogenesis
Which of the following is a risk factor for lymphoma?
a) Regular consumption of processed meat
b) Family history of breast cancer
c) Exposure to ionizing radiation
d) Low intake of fruits and vegetables
Answer: c) Exposure to ionizing radiation
What is the term for the abnormal growth of cells in the bone?
a) Osteoporosis
b) Osteoarthritis
c) Osteosarcoma
d) Osteomyelitis
Answer: c) Osteosarcoma
Which of the following is a symptom of ovarian cancer?
a) Persistent cough
b) Abdominal bloating
c) Vision changes
d) Joint pain
Answer: b) Abdominal bloating
What is the term for the process by which cancer cells acquire the ability to invade blood vessels and travel to distant sites?
a) Metastasis
b) Angiogenesis
c) Apoptosis
d) Differentiation
Answer: a) Metastasis
Which of the following is a risk factor for thyroid cancer?
a) Regular use of sunscreen
b) Exposure to asbestos
c) Family history of lung cancer
d) Radiation exposure to the head and neck
Answer: d) Radiation exposure to the head and neck
What is the term for the surgical removal of the entire breast?
a) Mastectomy
b) Lumpectomy
c) Biopsy
d) Excisional biopsy
Answer: a) Mastectomy
Which of the following is a symptom of brain cancer?
a) Swollen lymph nodes
b) Chronic cough
c) Difficulty speaking or understanding
d) Fatigue
Answer: c) Difficulty speaking or understanding
What is the term for the process by which cancer cells acquire the ability to promote the formation of new blood vessels?
a) Angiogenesis
b) Metastasis
c) Apoptosis
d) Differentiation
Answer: a) Angiogenesis
Which of the following is a risk factor for head and neck cancer?
a) Regular dental check-ups
b) Low intake of fruits and vegetables
c) Family history of breast cancer
d) Regular exercise
Answer: b) Low intake of fruits and vegetables
What is the term for the process by which cancer cells acquire the ability to divide uncontrollably?
a) Proliferation
b) Apoptosis
c) Metastasis
d) Differentiation
Answer: a) Proliferation
Which of the following is a symptom of liver cancer?
a) Nausea and vomiting
b) Chest pain
c) Yellowing of the skin and eyes
d) Frequent urination
Answer: c) Yellowing of the skin and eyes
What is the term for the process by which cancer cells acquire the ability to resist the body’s immune system?
a) Immunomodulation
b) Immunodeficiency
c) Immunosuppression
d) Immune evasion
Answer: d) Immune evasion
Which of the following is a risk factor for leukemia?
a) Low exposure to electromagnetic fields
b) Regular physical activity
c) Exposure to benzene
d) High intake of red meat
Answer: c) Exposure to benzene
What is the term for the process by which cancer cells acquire the ability to invade surrounding tissues and organs?
a) Invasion
b) Metastasis
c) Angiogenesis
d) Apoptosis
Answer: a) Invasion
Which of the following is a symptom of bladder cancer?
a) Chest pain
b) Blood in the urine
c) Hair loss
d) Fatigue
Answer: b) Blood in the urine
What is the term for the process by which cancer cells acquire the ability to avoid apoptosis?
a) Angiogenesis
b) Metastasis
c) Apoptosis resistance
d) Differentiation
Answer: c) Apoptosis resistance
Which of the following is a risk factor for bone cancer?
a) Regular intake of calcium supplements
b) Low exposure to sunlight
c) Family history of lung cancer
d) Previous history of skin cancer
Answer: c) Family history of lung cancer
What is the term for the process by which cancer cells acquire the ability to evade immune recognition?
a) Immunomodulation
b) Immunodeficiency
c) Immunosuppression
d) Immune evasion
Answer: d) Immune evasion
Which of the following is a symptom of kidney cancer?
a) Chest pain
b) Blood in the stool
c) Swollen lymph nodes
d) Frequent urination
Answer: a) Chest pain
What is the term for the process by which cancer cells acquire the ability to form distant metastases in other organs?
a) Metastasis
b) Angiogenesis
c) Apoptosis
d) Differentiation
Answer: a) Metastasis
