Which of the following is not a primary target for drug action?
a) Enzymes
b) Receptors
c) Carbohydrates
d) Nucleic acids
Answer: c) Carbohydrates
The term “pharmacokinetics” refers to the:
a) Study of how drugs are synthesized
b) Study of how drugs interact with their targets
c) Study of how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in the body
d) Study of how drugs are formulated into dosage forms
Answer: c) Study of how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in the body
The process by which a drug is eliminated from the body is primarily carried out by the:
a) Liver
b) Kidneys
c) Lungs
d) Intestines
Answer: b) Kidneys
The term “drug metabolism” refers to the:
a) Conversion of an inactive drug into an active form
b) Conversion of a drug into its metabolites
c) Binding of a drug to its target receptor
d) Elimination of a drug from the body
Answer: b) Conversion of a drug into its metabolites
The therapeutic index of a drug is a measure of its:
a) Potency
b) Efficacy
c) Safety
d) Selectivity
Answer: c) Safety
The term “selectivity” in medicinal chemistry refers to the:
a) Ability of a drug to bind to its target receptor
b) Ability of a drug to elicit a specific physiological response
c) Ability of a drug to be absorbed into the bloodstream
d) Ability of a drug to be metabolized in the liver
Answer: a) Ability of a drug to bind to its target receptor
The process by which a drug is absorbed into the bloodstream is primarily influenced by its:
a) Lipophilicity
b) Molecular weight
c) Solubility
d) Ionization state
Answer: c) Solubility
The term “bioavailability” refers to the:
a) Percentage of a drug that reaches systemic circulation
b) Percentage of a drug that binds to its target receptor
c) Percentage of a drug that undergoes metabolism
d) Percentage of a drug that is excreted unchanged in the urine
Answer: a) Percentage of a drug that reaches systemic circulation
The term “half-life” of a drug refers to the:
a) Time it takes for a drug to reach its maximum effect
b) Time it takes for a drug to be eliminated from the body
c) Time it takes for a drug to bind to its target receptor
d) Time it takes for a drug to be absorbed into the bloodstream
Answer: b) Time it takes for a drug to be eliminated from the body
The primary route of drug elimination from the body is through:
a) Urine
b) Feces
c) Breath
d) Sweat
Answer: a) Urine
The process by which a drug binds to its target receptor is primarily driven by:
a) Hydrophobic interactions
b) Hydrophilic interactions
c) Covalent bonding
d) Ionic bonding
Answer: a) Hydrophobic interactions
The term “agonist” refers to a drug that:
a) Binds to a receptor and activates it
b) Binds to a receptor and inhibits it
c) Binds to a receptor and has no effect
d) Binds to a receptor and blocks other ligands from binding
Answer: a) Binds to a receptor and activates it
The term “antagonist” refers to a drug that:
a) Binds to a receptor and activates it
b) Binds to a receptor and inhibits it
c) Binds to a receptor and has no effect
d) Binds to a receptor and blocks other ligands from binding
Answer: b) Binds to a receptor and inhibits it
The process by which a drug is formulated into a dosage form suitable for administration is called:
a) Drug design
b) Drug development
c) Drug delivery
d) Drug synthesis
Answer: c) Drug delivery
The term “prodrug” refers to a:
a) Drug that is synthesized from natural sources
b) Drug that is formulated as a tablet or capsule
c) Drug that is inactive in its administered form but is converted into an active form in the body
d) Drug that is administered intravenously
Answer: c) Drug that is inactive in its administered form but is converted into an active form in the body
The process by which a drug is distributed throughout the body is primarily influenced by its:
a) Molecular weight
b) Solubility
c) Protein binding
d) Ionization state
Answer: c) Protein binding
The term “pharmacodynamics” refers to the:
a) Study of how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in the body
b) Study of how drugs interact with their targets
c) Study of how drugs are formulated into dosage forms
d) Study of how drugs are synthesized
Answer: b) Study of how drugs interact with their targets
The term “drug target” refers to:
a) The specific site of action for a drug in the body
b) The primary route of drug elimination from the body
c) The process by which a drug is metabolized
d) The process by which a drug is absorbed into the bloodstream
Answer: a) The specific site of action for a drug in the body
The term “toxicity” refers to the:
a) Ability of a drug to bind to its target receptor
b) Ability of a drug to elicit a specific physiological response
c) Adverse effects of a drug on the body
d) Ability of a drug to be metabolized in the liver
Answer: c) Adverse effects of a drug on the body
The process by which a drug is absorbed through the skin is called:
a) Oral administration
b) Transdermal administration
c) Intravenous administration
d) Inhalation administration
Answer: b) Transdermal administration
The term “structure-activity relationship” (SAR) in medicinal chemistry refers to:
a) The study of how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in the body
b) The study of how drugs interact with their targets
c) The study of how changes in a drug’s chemical structure affect its biological activity
d) The study of how drugs are formulated into dosage forms
Answer: c) The study of how changes in a drug’s chemical structure affect its biological activity
The process by which a drug is administered directly into the bloodstream is called:
a) Oral administration
b) Transdermal administration
c) Intravenous administration
d) Inhalation administration
Answer: c) Intravenous administration
The term “therapeutic drug monitoring” refers to the:
a) Measurement of drug levels in the blood to ensure they are within the therapeutic range
b) Measurement of drug levels in the urine to assess drug elimination
c) Measurement of drug levels in the tissues to determine drug distribution
d) Measurement of drug levels in the brain to assess drug penetration
Answer: a) Measurement of drug levels in the blood to ensure they are within the therapeutic range
The process by which a drug is administered through the mouth is called:
a) Oral administration
b) Transdermal administration
c) Intravenous administration
d) Inhalation administration
Answer: a) Oral administration
The term “polypharmacy” refers to:
a) The use of multiple drugs to treat a single disease
b) The use of drugs for recreational purposes
c) The use of drugs that have multiple therapeutic targets
d) The use of drugs with high toxicity levels
Answer: a) The use of multiple drugs to treat a single disease
The term “drug discovery” refers to the:
a) Process of identifying new drug targets
b) Process of synthesizing new drugs
c) Process of screening compounds for potential drug activity
d) Process of formulating drugs into dosage forms
Answer: c) Process of screening compounds for potential drug activity
The term “lead compound” refers to:
a) The final synthesized form of a drug
b) The most potent compound in a series of drug candidates
c) The compound with the highest selectivity for its target receptor
d) The compound with the highest bioavailability
Answer: b) The most potent compound in a series of drug candidates
The process by which a drug is administered through the respiratory system is called:
a) Oral administration
b) Transdermal administration
c) Intravenous administration
d) Inhalation administration
Answer: d) Inhalation administration
The term “pharmacophore” refers to:
a) The specific site of action for a drug in the body
b) The structural features of a drug that are essential for its activity
c) The process by which a drug is metabolized
d) The process by which a drug is absorbed into the bloodstream
Answer: b) The structural features of a drug that are essential for its activity
The process by which a drug is administered through the skin is called:
a) Oral administration
b) Transdermal administration
c) Intravenous administration
d) Inhalation administration
Answer: b) Transdermal administration
The term “pharmacogenomics” refers to the study of:
a) How drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in the body
b) How drugs interact with their targets
c) How changes in a drug’s chemical structure affect its biological activity
d) How genetic variations influence drug response in individuals
Answer: d) How genetic variations influence drug response in individuals
The term “drug repurposing” refers to the:
a) Process of identifying new drug targets
b) Process of synthesizing new drugs
c) Process of screening existing drugs for new therapeutic uses
d) Process of formulating drugs into dosage forms
Answer: c) Process of screening existing drugs for new therapeutic uses
The term “pharmacodynamics” refers to the study of:
a) How drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in the body
b) How drugs interact with their targets
c) How changes in a drug’s chemical structure affect its biological activity
d) How drugs are formulated into dosage forms
Answer: b) How drugs interact with their targets
The process by which a drug is administered through injection into the skin is called:
a) Intramuscular administration
b) Subcutaneous administration
c) Intravenous administration
d) Intradermal administration
Answer: d) Intradermal administration
The term “pharmacogenetics” refers to the study of:
a) How drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in the body
b) How drugs interact with their targets
c) How changes in a drug’s chemical structure affect its biological activity
d) How genetic variations influence drug response in individuals
Answer: d) How genetic variations influence drug response in individuals
The process by which a drug is administered into the muscle tissue is called:
a) Intramuscular administration
b) Subcutaneous administration
c) Intravenous administration
d) Intradermal administration
Answer: a) Intramuscular administration
The term “pharmacovigilance” refers to the:
a) The study of how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in the body
b) The study of how drugs interact with their targets
c) The monitoring and assessment of drug safety
d) The study of how drugs are formulated into dosage forms
Answer: c) The monitoring and assessment of drug safety
The term “clinical trial” refers to:
a) The process of identifying new drug targets
b) The process of synthesizing new drugs
c) The process of testing the safety and efficacy of a drug in humans
d) The process of formulating drugs into dosage forms
Answer: c) The process of testing the safety and efficacy of a drug in humans
The process by which a drug is administered beneath the skin is called:
a) Intramuscular administration
b) Subcutaneous administration
c) Intravenous administration
d) Intradermal administration
Answer: b) Subcutaneous administration
The term “pharmacogenomics” refers to the study of:
a) How drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in the body
b) How drugs interact with their targets
c) How changes in a drug’s chemical structure affect its biological activity
d) How genetic variations influence drug response in individuals
Answer: d) How genetic variations influence drug response in individuals
The term “pharmacokinetics” refers to the:
a) Study of how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in the body
b) Study of how drugs interact with their targets
c) Study of how drugs are formulated into dosage forms
d) Study of how drugs are synthesized
Answer: a) Study of how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in the body
The term “drug metabolism” refers to the:
a) Conversion of an inactive drug into an active form
b) Conversion of a drug into its metabolites
c) Binding of a drug to its target receptor
d) Elimination of a drug from the body
Answer: b) Conversion of a drug into its metabolites
The therapeutic index of a drug is a measure of its:
a) Potency
b) Efficacy
c) Safety
d) Selectivity
Answer: c) Safety
The term “selectivity” in medicinal chemistry refers to the:
a) Ability of a drug to bind to its target receptor
b) Ability of a drug to elicit a specific physiological response
c) Ability of a drug to be absorbed into the bloodstream
d) Ability of a drug to be metabolized in the liver
Answer: a) Ability of a drug to bind to its target receptor
The process by which a drug is absorbed into the bloodstream is primarily influenced by its:
a) Lipophilicity
b) Molecular weight
c) Solubility
d) Ionization state
Answer: c) Solubility
The term “bioavailability” refers to the:
a) Percentage of a drug that reaches systemic circulation
b) Percentage of a drug that binds to its target receptor
c) Percentage of a drug that undergoes metabolism
d) Percentage of a drug that is excreted unchanged in the urine
Answer: a) Percentage of a drug that reaches systemic circulation
The term “half-life” of a drug refers to the:
a) Time it takes for a drug to reach its maximum effect
b) Time it takes for a drug to be eliminated from the body
c) Time it takes for a drug to bind to its target receptor
d) Time it takes for a drug to be absorbed into the bloodstream
Answer: b) Time it takes for a drug to be eliminated from the body
The primary route of drug elimination from the body is through:
a) Urine
b) Feces
c) Breath
d) Sweat
Answer: a) Urine
The term “agonist” refers to a drug that:
a) Binds to a receptor and activates it
b) Binds to a receptor and inhibits it
c) Binds to a receptor and has no effect
d) Binds to a receptor and blocks other ligands from binding
Answer: a) Binds to a receptor and activates it
The term “antagonist” refers to a drug that:
a) Binds to a receptor and activates it
b) Binds to a receptor and inhibits it
c) Binds to a receptor and has no effect
d) Binds to a receptor and blocks other ligands from binding
Answer: b) Binds to a receptor and inhibits it
The process by which a drug is formulated into a dosage form suitable for administration is called:
a) Drug design
b) Drug development
c) Drug delivery
d) Drug synthesis
Answer: c) Drug delivery
The term “prodrug” refers to a:
a) Drug that is synthesized from natural sources
b) Drug that is formulated as a tablet or capsule
c) Drug that is inactive in its administered form but is converted into an active form in the body
d) Drug that is administered intravenously
Answer: c) Drug that is inactive in its administered form but is converted into an active form in the body
The process by which a drug binds to its target receptor is primarily driven by:
a) Hydrophobic interactions
b) Hydrophilic interactions
c) Covalent bonding
d) Ionic bonding
Answer: a) Hydrophobic interactions
The term “lead compound” refers to:
a) The final synthesized form of a drug
b) The most potent compound in a series of drug candidates
c) The compound with the highest selectivity for its target receptor
d) The compound with the highest bioavailability
Answer: b) The most potent compound in a series of drug candidates
The term “polypharmacy” refers to:
a) The use of multiple drugs to treat a single disease
b) The use of drugs for recreational purposes
c) The use of drugs that have multiple therapeutic targets
d) The use of drugs with high toxicity levels
Answer: a) The use of multiple drugs to treat a single disease
The term “drug discovery” refers to the:
a) Process of identifying new drug targets
b) Process of synthesizing new drugs
c) Process of screening compounds for potential drug activity
d) Process of formulating drugs into dosage forms
Answer: c) Process of screening compounds for potential drug activity
The process by which a drug is distributed throughout the body is primarily influenced by its:
a) Molecular weight
b) Solubility
c) Protein binding
d) Ionization state
Answer: c) Protein binding
The term “pharmacophore” refers to:
a) The specific site of action for a drug in the body
b) The structural features of a drug that are essential for its activity
c) The process by which a drug is metabolized
d) The process by which a drug is absorbed into the bloodstream
Answer: b) The structural features of a drug that are essential for its activity
The process by which a drug is administered through the mouth is called:
a) Oral administration
b) Transdermal administration
c) Intravenous administration
d) Inhalation administration
Answer: a) Oral administration
The term “pharmacogenomics” refers to the study of:
a) How drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in the body
b) How drugs interact with their targets
c) How changes in a drug’s chemical structure affect its biological activity
d) How genetic variations influence drug response in individuals
Answer: d) How genetic variations influence drug response in individuals
The process by which a drug is administered through injection into the skin is called:
a) Intramuscular administration
b) Subcutaneous administration
c) Intravenous administration
d) Intradermal administration
Answer: d) Intradermal administration
The term “pharmacogenetics” refers to the study of:
a) How drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in the body
b) How drugs interact with their targets
c) How changes in a drug’s chemical structure affect its biological activity
d) How genetic variations influence drug response in individuals
Answer: d) How genetic variations influence drug response in individuals
The process by which a drug is administered into the muscle tissue is called:
a) Intramuscular administration
b) Subcutaneous administration
c) Intravenous administration
d) Intradermal administration
Answer: a) Intramuscular administration
The term “pharmacovigilance” refers to the:
a) The study of how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in the body
b) The study of how drugs interact with their targets
c) The monitoring and assessment of drug safety
d) The study of how drugs are formulated into dosage forms
Answer: c) The monitoring and assessment of drug safety
The term “clinical trial” refers to:
a) The process of identifying new drug targets
b) The process of synthesizing new drugs
c) The process of testing the safety and efficacy of a drug in humans
d) The process of formulating drugs into dosage forms
Answer: c) The process of testing the safety and efficacy of a drug in humans
The process by which a drug is administered beneath the skin is called:
a) Intramuscular administration
b) Subcutaneous administration
c) Intravenous administration
d) Intradermal administration
Answer: b) Subcutaneous administration
The term “pharmacogenomics” refers to the study of:
a) How drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in the body
b) How drugs interact with their targets
c) How changes in a drug’s chemical structure affect its biological activity
d) How genetic variations influence drug response in individuals
Answer: d) How genetic variations influence drug response in individuals
The process by which a drug is administered through the skin is called:
a) Oral administration
b) Transdermal administration
c) Intravenous administration
d) Inhalation administration
Answer: b) Transdermal administration
The term “pharmacodynamics” refers to the study of:
a) How drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in the body
b) How drugs interact with their targets
c) How changes in a drug’s chemical structure affect its biological activity
d) How drugs are formulated into dosage forms
Answer: b) How drugs interact with their targets
The process by which a drug is administered through the respiratory system is called:
a) Oral administration
b) Transdermal administration
c) Intravenous administration
d) Inhalation administration
Answer: d) Inhalation administration
