Which of the following is not a mechanism of genetic transfer in bacteria?
a) Conjugation
b) Transformation
c) Transduction
d) Mitosis
Answer: d
The genetic material in bacteria is located in the:
a) Nucleus
b) Mitochondria
c) Chloroplasts
d) Nucleoid region
Answer: d
Plasmids are:
a) Circular DNA molecules found in bacteria
b) Linear DNA molecules found in bacteria
c) RNA molecules found in bacteria
d) Chromosomal DNA found in bacteria
Answer: a
The process of DNA replication in bacteria is initiated at a specific sequence called the:
a) Promoter
b) Terminator
c) Origin of replication
d) Operator
Answer: c
The transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another through direct physical contact is called:
a) Conjugation
b) Transformation
c) Transduction
d) Replication
Answer: a
The enzyme responsible for synthesizing RNA from a DNA template is called:
a) DNA polymerase
b) RNA polymerase
c) DNA ligase
d) Reverse transcriptase
Answer: b
In bacterial genetics, a mutation is:
a) A change in the genetic material
b) The transfer of genetic material between bacteria
c) The destruction of genetic material by enzymes
d) The synthesis of new genetic material
Answer: a
The phenomenon where a single gene influences multiple phenotypic traits is known as:
a) Epistasis
b) Pleiotropy
c) Codominance
d) Translocation
Answer: b
The process by which a DNA molecule is copied into RNA is called:
a) Transcription
b) Translation
c) Replication
d) Translocation
Answer: a
The three-letter code in DNA or RNA that specifies a particular amino acid is called a:
a) Codon
b) Anticodon
c) Promoter
d) Terminator
Answer: a
The site on the DNA molecule where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription is called the:
a) Promoter
b) Terminator
c) Codon
d) Anticodon
Answer: a
The process by which genetic information from mRNA is used to synthesize a protein is called:
a) Transcription
b) Translation
c) Replication
d) Translocation
Answer: b
The region of DNA where the repressor protein binds to prevent transcription is called the:
a) Promoter
b) Operator
c) Terminator
d) Enhancer
Answer: b
The transfer of genetic material between bacteria by a virus is called:
a) Conjugation
b) Transformation
c) Transduction
d) Replication
Answer: c
The process by which bacteria take up DNA from their environment and incorporate it into their own genome is called:
a) Conjugation
b) Transformation
c) Transduction
d) Replication
Answer: b
A point mutation that results in the replacement of one nucleotide with another is called a:
a) Insertion
b) Deletion
c) Substitution
d) Inversion
Answer: c
The process of DNA replication is semi-conservative, meaning that:
a) Each daughter DNA molecule contains one strand from the original DNA molecule and one newly synthesized strand
b) Each daughter DNA molecule contains two newly synthesized strands
c) Each daughter DNA molecule contains one strand from the original DNA molecule and one complementary RNA strand
d) Each daughter DNA molecule contains one newly synthesized strand and one complementary RNA strand
Answer: a
In bacterial genetics, the operon is a:
a) Group of genes under the control of a single promoter
b) Site on the DNA molecule where replication starts
c) Segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein
d) Structure involved in the transfer of genetic material during conjugation
Answer: a
The process by which an mRNA molecule is decoded to produce a sequence of amino acids is called:
a) Transcription
b) Translation
c) Replication
d) Translocation
Answer: b
The genetic code is degenerate, meaning that:
a) Each amino acid is coded for by only one codon
b) Each codon codes for more than one amino acid
c) Each amino acid is coded for by more than one codon
d) The genetic code can change over time
Answer: c
Which of the following is not a type of chromosomal mutation?
a) Deletion
b) Insertion
c) Substitution
d) Conjugation
Answer: d
The process by which DNA is copied to form a new DNA molecule is called:
a) Transcription
b) Translation
c) Replication
d) Translocation
Answer: c
The region on a chromosome where a gene is located is called a:
a) Codon
b) Anticodon
c) Locus
d) Allele
Answer: c
The enzyme responsible for sealing the gaps between Okazaki fragments during DNA replication is called:
a) DNA polymerase
b) RNA polymerase
c) DNA ligase
d) Reverse transcriptase
Answer: c
The process by which genetic information is transferred from DNA to RNA to protein is often referred to as the:
a) Central dogma of molecular biology
b) Operon model
c) Transposon mechanism
d) Transformation process
Answer: a
The process by which genes are exchanged between two chromosomes by breakage and rejoining is called:
a) Transduction
b) Conjugation
c) Recombination
d) Transformation
Answer: c
A frameshift mutation occurs when:
a) One nucleotide is substituted for another
b) A nucleotide is inserted into the DNA sequence
c) A nucleotide is deleted from the DNA sequence
d) The DNA molecule undergoes a rearrangement
Answer: b
The enzyme responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during replication is called:
a) DNA polymerase
b) RNA polymerase
c) Helicase
d) Ligase
Answer: c
The phenomenon in which genes located close to each other on a chromosome tend to be inherited together is called:
a) Codominance
b) Linkage
c) Epistasis
d) Pleiotropy
Answer: b
The transfer of genetic material between different species of bacteria is called:
a) Conjugation
b) Transformation
c) Transduction
d) Replication
Answer: b
The process by which DNA fragments are separated based on their size using an electric field is called:
a) Gel electrophoresis
b) Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
c) DNA sequencing
d) Genetic engineering
Answer: a
The process of DNA recombination that involves the exchange of genetic material between two DNA molecules is called:
a) Transduction
b) Conjugation
c) Recombination
d) Transformation
Answer: c
The process by which a specific segment of DNA is amplified in vitro is called:
a) Gel electrophoresis
b) Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
c) DNA sequencing
d) Genetic engineering
Answer: b
The phenomenon where an organism incorporates genetic material from its environment and incorporates it into its own genome is called:
a) Conjugation
b) Transformation
c) Transduction
d) Replication
Answer: b
The transfer of genetic material between bacteria by a bacteriophage is called:
a) Conjugation
b) Transformation
c) Transduction
d) Replication
Answer: c
The enzyme responsible for adding nucleotides to the growing RNA strand during transcription is called:
a) DNA polymerase
b) RNA polymerase
c) DNA ligase
d) Reverse transcriptase
Answer: b
In bacterial genetics, a missense mutation is:
a) A mutation that changes a single nucleotide, resulting in a different amino acid being incorporated into the protein
b) A mutation that inserts or deletes nucleotides, causing a shift in the reading frame
c) A mutation that does not result in any change in the amino acid sequence of the protein
d) A mutation that completely abolishes the function of the protein
Answer: a
In bacterial genetics, a nonsense mutation is:
a) A mutation that changes a single nucleotide, resulting in a different amino acid being incorporated into the protein
b) A mutation that inserts or deletes nucleotides, causing a shift in the reading frame
c) A mutation that does not result in any change in the amino acid sequence of the protein
d) A mutation that introduces a premature stop codon, resulting in a truncated protein
Answer: d
The region on the DNA molecule where transcription ends is called the:
a) Promoter
b) Operator
c) Terminator
d) Enhancer
Answer: c
The process by which genes are transferred from one chromosome to another within the same cell is called:
a) Transduction
b) Conjugation
c) Recombination
d) Transformation
Answer: c
The phenomenon where a gene located on one chromosome can influence the expression of a gene on a different chromosome is called:
a) Codominance
b) Linkage
c) Epistasis
d) Pleiotropy
Answer: c
The enzyme responsible for adding new nucleotides to the growing DNA strand during replication is called:
a) DNA polymerase
b) RNA polymerase
c) DNA ligase
d) Reverse transcriptase
Answer: a
The transfer of genetic material between bacteria by direct uptake of DNA from the environment is called:
a) Conjugation
b) Transformation
c) Transduction
d) Replication
Answer: b
The process of DNA recombination that involves the exchange of genetic material between two DNA molecules is called:
a) Transduction
b) Conjugation
c) Recombination
d) Transformation
Answer: c
The process by which the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule is determined is called:
a) Gel electrophoresis
b) Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
c) DNA sequencing
d) Genetic engineering
Answer: c
The process by which genes are transferred between organisms through methods other than reproduction is called:
a) Conjugation
b) Transformation
c) Transduction
d) Horizontal gene transfer
Answer: d
A silent mutation is a mutation that:
a) Changes a single nucleotide, resulting in a different amino acid being incorporated into the protein
b) Inserts or deletes nucleotides, causing a shift in the reading frame
c) Does not result in any change in the amino acid sequence of the protein
d) Completely abolishes the function of the protein
Answer: c
The process by which genetic material is transferred from one bacterium to another through the exchange of plasmids is called:
a) Conjugation
b) Transformation
c) Transduction
d) Replication
Answer: a
The enzyme responsible for synthesizing DNA from a RNA template is called:
a) DNA polymerase
b) RNA polymerase
c) DNA ligase
d) Reverse transcriptase
Answer: d
The phenomenon where an organism incorporates foreign DNA into its own genome is called:
a) Conjugation
b) Transformation
c) Transduction
d) Replication
Answer: b
The process by which DNA fragments are amplified in vitro using temperature cycles is called:
a) Gel electrophoresis
b) Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
c) DNA sequencing
d) Genetic engineering
Answer: b
In bacterial genetics, a transversion mutation is:
a) A mutation that changes a purine base to a pyrimidine base, or vice versa
b) A mutation that changes a pyrimidine base to a purine base, or vice versa
c) A mutation that deletes a nucleotide from the DNA sequence
d) A mutation that inserts a nucleotide into the DNA sequence
Answer: a
The process by which DNA fragments are separated based on their size and charge using an electric field is called:
a) Gel electrophoresis
b) Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
c) DNA sequencing
d) Genetic engineering
Answer: a
The enzyme responsible for sealing the gaps between Okazaki fragments during DNA replication is called:
a) DNA polymerase
b) RNA polymerase
c) DNA ligase
d) Reverse transcriptase
Answer: c
In bacterial genetics, a frameshift mutation occurs when:
a) One nucleotide is substituted for another
b) A nucleotide is inserted into the DNA sequence
c) A nucleotide is deleted from the DNA sequence
d) The DNA molecule undergoes a rearrangement
Answer: b
The enzyme responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during replication is called:
a) DNA polymerase
b) RNA polymerase
c) Helicase
d) Ligase
Answer: c
The phenomenon where genes located on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together is called:
a) Codominance
b) Linkage
c) Epistasis
d) Pleiotropy
Answer: b
The process by which a specific segment of DNA is amplified in vitro using temperature cycles is called:
a) Gel electrophoresis
b) Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
c) DNA sequencing
d) Genetic engineering
Answer: b
The process by which genes are transferred from one chromosome to another within the same cell is called:
a) Transduction
b) Conjugation
c) Recombination
d) Transformation
Answer: c
The process by which genetic information is transferred from DNA to RNA to protein is often referred to as the:
a) Central dogma of molecular biology
b) Operon model
c) Transposon mechanism
d) Transformation process
Answer: a
The transfer of genetic material between different species of bacteria is called:
a) Conjugation
b) Transformation
c) Transduction
d) Replication
Answer: b
The process by which a DNA molecule is copied into RNA is called:
a) Transcription
b) Translation
c) Replication
d) Translocation
Answer: a
The region on the DNA molecule where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription is called the:
a) Promoter
b) Terminator
c) Codon
d) Anticodon
Answer: a
The process by which genetic information from mRNA is used to synthesize a protein is called:
a) Transcription
b) Translation
c) Replication
d) Translocation
Answer: b
The transfer of genetic material between bacteria by a bacteriophage is called:
a) Conjugation
b) Transformation
c) Transduction
d) Replication
Answer: c
The transfer of genetic material between bacteria by direct physical contact is called:
a) Conjugation
b) Transformation
c) Transduction
d) Replication
Answer: a
The enzyme responsible for adding nucleotides to the growing RNA strand during transcription is called:
a) DNA polymerase
b) RNA polymerase
c) DNA ligase
d) Reverse transcriptase
Answer: b
In bacterial genetics, a mutation is:
a) A change in the genetic material
b) The transfer of genetic material between bacteria
c) The destruction of genetic material by enzymes
d) The synthesis of new genetic material
Answer: a
The process by which a specific segment of DNA is amplified in vitro using temperature cycles is called:
a) Gel electrophoresis
b) Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
c) DNA sequencing
d) Genetic engineering
Answer: b
The enzyme responsible for sealing the gaps between Okazaki fragments during DNA replication is called:
a) DNA polymerase
b) RNA polymerase
c) DNA ligase
d) Reverse transcriptase
Answer: c
