What is the process by which information encoded in DNA is converted into a functional product, such as a protein?
a) Replication
b) Transcription
c) Translation
d) Mutagenesis
Answer: b) Transcription
Which of the following is a regulatory protein that binds to DNA and controls the transcription of specific genes?
a) Ribosome
b) tRNA
c) RNA polymerase
d) Transcription factor
Answer: d) Transcription factor
What is the region of DNA where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription?
a) Promoter
b) Terminator
c) Enhancer
d) Operator
Answer: a) Promoter
What is the process by which mRNA is synthesized from a DNA template?
a) Translation
b) Replication
c) Transcription
d) Splicing
Answer: c) Transcription
Which of the following is an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template?
a) DNA polymerase
b) RNA polymerase
c) DNA ligase
d) Reverse transcriptase
Answer: b) RNA polymerase
What is the modified form of RNA that carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis?
a) mRNA
b) tRNA
c) rRNA
d) siRNA
Answer: a) mRNA
What is the process by which mRNA is decoded to synthesize a specific protein?
a) Transcription
b) Replication
c) Translation
d) Translocation
Answer: c) Translation
Which of the following is the site of protein synthesis in the cell?
a) Nucleus
b) Ribosome
c) Golgi apparatus
d) Endoplasmic reticulum
Answer: b) Ribosome
What is the three-nucleotide sequence on mRNA that corresponds to a specific amino acid?
a) Codon
b) Anticodon
c) Exon
d) Intron
Answer: a) Codon
Which of the following is an RNA molecule that carries amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis?
a) mRNA
b) tRNA
c) rRNA
d) siRNA
Answer: b) tRNA
What is the process by which introns are removed from pre-mRNA and exons are joined together?
a) Splicing
b) Translocation
c) Replication
d) Translation
Answer: a) Splicing
Which of the following is a region of DNA that can bind to specific transcription factors and enhance the transcription of nearby genes?
a) Promoter
b) Terminator
c) Enhancer
d) Operator
Answer: c) Enhancer
What is the process by which RNA is converted into a complementary DNA (cDNA) molecule?
a) Translation
b) Replication
c) Transcription
d) Reverse transcription
Answer: d) Reverse transcription
Which of the following is an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of a DNA molecule from an RNA template?
a) DNA polymerase
b) RNA polymerase
c) DNA ligase
d) Reverse transcriptase
Answer: d) Reverse transcriptase
What is the process by which genes are selectively turned on or off to regulate gene expression?
a) Transcription
b) Replication
c) Translation
d) Gene regulation
Answer: d) Gene regulation
Which of the following is a protein that binds to DNA and prevents transcription of specific genes?
a) Ribosome
b) tRNA
c) RNA polymerase
d) Repressor
Answer: d) Repressor
What is the process by which a single gene can give rise to multiple different mRNA molecules and protein isoforms?
a) Alternative splicing
b) Transcription
c) Translation
d) Replication
Answer: a) Alternative splicing
Which of the following is a regulatory molecule that binds to an operator and controls the expression of a gene?
a) Promoter
b) Terminator
c) Enhancer
d) Repressor
Answer: d) Repressor
What is the process by which a signal molecule binds to a receptor and activates gene expression?
a) Signal transduction
b) Replication
c) Transcription
d) Translation
Answer: a) Signal transduction
Which of the following is a DNA sequence that marks the end of transcription?
a) Promoter
b) Terminator
c) Enhancer
d) Operator
Answer: b) Terminator
What is the process by which small RNA molecules regulate gene expression by targeting mRNA molecules for degradation or by inhibiting translation?
a) Transcription
b) Replication
c) RNA interference (RNAi)
d) Reverse transcription
Answer: c) RNA interference (RNAi)
Which of the following is an enzyme that adds a poly(A) tail to the 3′ end of mRNA molecules?
a) Poly(A) polymerase
b) RNA polymerase
c) DNA ligase
d) Reverse transcriptase
Answer: a) Poly(A) polymerase
What is the process by which RNA molecules are degraded and recycled within the cell?
a) Translation
b) Replication
c) Transcription
d) RNA degradation
Answer: d) RNA degradation
Which of the following is a mechanism by which miRNA molecules regulate gene expression by binding to complementary sequences on mRNA molecules and inhibiting translation?
a) Transcription
b) Replication
c) RNA interference (RNAi)
d) Reverse transcription
Answer: c) RNA interference (RNAi)
What is the process by which a specific protein binds to a DNA sequence and activates the transcription of nearby genes?
a) Transcription
b) Replication
c) Translation
d) Transcriptional activation
Answer: d) Transcriptional activation
Which of the following is an enzyme that adds methyl groups to DNA and plays a role in gene regulation?
a) DNA polymerase
b) DNA ligase
c) DNA methyltransferase
d) Reverse transcriptase
Answer: c) DNA methyltransferase
What is the process by which gene expression is influenced by factors outside of the DNA sequence, such as environmental signals?
a) Epigenetics
b) Replication
c) Transcription
d) Translation
Answer: a) Epigenetics
Which of the following is a modification of histone proteins that can influence gene expression by altering the accessibility of DNA to transcription factors?
a) DNA methylation
b) Histone acetylation
c) DNA replication
d) Translation
Answer: b) Histone acetylation
What is the process by which the expression of a specific gene is amplified through multiple rounds of transcription?
a) Gene amplification
b) Replication
c) Transcriptional activation
d) Translation
Answer: a) Gene amplification
Which of the following is a regulatory RNA molecule that can bind to mRNA and inhibit its translation?
a) mRNA
b) tRNA
c) rRNA
d) miRNA
Answer: d) miRNA
What is the process by which the expression of a gene is silenced through chemical modifications to DNA or histone proteins?
a) Gene silencing
b) Replication
c) Transcriptional repression
d) Translation
Answer: a) Gene silencing
Which of the following is a protein complex that binds to specific DNA sequences and controls the expression of nearby genes?
a) Ribosome
b) tRNA
c) RNA polymerase
d) Transcription factor
Answer: d) Transcription factor
What is the process by which specific genes are turned on or off in different cell types or at different developmental stages?
a) Cell differentiation
b) Replication
c) Transcription
d) Translation
Answer: a) Cell differentiation
Which of the following is a mechanism by which cells can regulate gene expression by modifying the stability of mRNA molecules?
a) Transcription
b) RNA processing
c) RNA degradation
d) Translation
Answer: c) RNA degradation
What is the process by which specific DNA sequences are chemically modified to alter gene expression without changing the underlying DNA sequence?
a) DNA replication
b) DNA methylation
c) Transcription
d) Translation
Answer: b) DNA methylation
Which of the following is a complex of proteins and RNA molecules that processes pre-mRNA into mature mRNA molecules?
a) Ribosome
b) tRNA
c) Spliceosome
d) Transcription factor
Answer: c) Spliceosome
What is the process by which mRNA molecules are translated into proteins by the ribosome?
a) Transcription
b) Replication
c) Translation
d) Translocation
Answer: c) Translation
Which of the following is a mechanism by which cells can regulate gene expression by modifying the structure of chromatin?
a) Transcription
b) Epigenetics
c) DNA replication
d) Translation
Answer: b) Epigenetics
What is the process by which gene expression is influenced by the physical organization of DNA within the nucleus?
a) Nuclear organization
b) Replication
c) Transcription
d) Translation
Answer: a) Nuclear organization
Which of the following is a protein complex that binds to mRNA molecules and facilitates their translation into proteins?
a) Ribosome
b) tRNA
c) RNA polymerase
d) Transcription factor
Answer: a) Ribosome
What is the process by which specific genes are turned off or silenced during development or in specific cell types?
a) Gene repression
b) Replication
c) Transcription
d) Translation
Answer: a) Gene repression
Which of the following is a regulatory RNA molecule that can bind to DNA and control gene expression?
a) mRNA
b) tRNA
c) rRNA
d) lncRNA
Answer: d) lncRNA
What is the process by which specific genes are activated or repressed in response to external signals or changes in the environment?
a) Signal transduction
b) Replication
c) Transcription
d) Translation
Answer: a) Signal transduction
Which of the following is a mechanism by which cells can regulate gene expression by altering the stability or translation efficiency of mRNA molecules?
a) Transcription
b) RNA processing
c) RNA degradation
d) Translation regulation
Answer: d) Translation regulation
What is the process by which a specific gene is selectively transcribed in response to a particular signal or stimulus?
a) Transcriptional activation
b) Replication
c) Transcriptional repression
d) Translation
Answer: a) Transcriptional activation
Which of the following is a protein that binds to mRNA and prevents its translation into protein?
a) Ribosome
b) tRNA
c) RNA polymerase
d) Translation repressor
Answer: d) Translation repressor
What is the process by which the expression of a gene is turned off by the binding of a repressor protein to its operator sequence?
a) Gene repression
b) Replication
c) Transcription
d) Translation
Answer: a) Gene repression
Which of the following is a regulatory sequence of DNA that can bind to transcription factors and control the expression of nearby genes?
a) Promoter
b) Terminator
c) Enhancer
d) Operator
Answer: c) Enhancer
What is the process by which gene expression is influenced by the availability of specific nutrients or metabolites?
a) Nutrient sensing
b) Replication
c) Transcription
d) Translation
Answer: a) Nutrient sensing
Which of the following is a mechanism by which cells can regulate gene expression by modifying the accessibility of DNA to transcription factors?
a) Transcription
b) Chromatin remodeling
c) DNA replication
d) Translation
Answer: b) Chromatin remodeling
What is the process by which specific RNA molecules are degraded by cellular enzymes?
a) Translation
b) RNA processing
c) RNA degradation
d) Reverse transcription
Answer: c) RNA degradation
Which of the following is a mechanism by which cells can regulate gene expression by altering the stability or degradation of specific proteins?
a) Transcription
b) Protein processing
c) Protein degradation
d) Translation
Answer: c) Protein degradation
What is the process by which small RNA molecules guide the degradation of mRNA molecules with complementary sequences?
a) Translation
b) RNA processing
c) RNA interference (RNAi)
d) Reverse transcription
Answer: c) RNA interference (RNAi)
Which of the following is a regulatory RNA molecule that can bind to DNA and control gene expression?
a) mRNA
b) tRNA
c) rRNA
d) lncRNA
Answer: d) lncRNA
What is the process by which specific genes are turned on or off during different stages of development or in different cell types?
a) Developmental regulation
b) Replication
c) Transcription
d) Translation
Answer: a) Developmental regulation
Which of the following is a protein complex that binds to specific DNA sequences and regulates the expression of nearby genes?
a) Ribosome
b) tRNA
c) RNA polymerase
d) Transcription factor
Answer: d) Transcription factor
What is the process by which the expression of a specific gene is activated or repressed in response to signals or stimuli from the external environment?
a) Environmental regulation
b) Replication
c) Transcription
d) Translation
Answer: a) Environmental regulation
Which of the following is a mechanism by which cells can regulate gene expression by modifying the stability or translation efficiency of specific mRNA molecules?
a) Transcription
b) RNA processing
c) RNA degradation
d) Translation regulation
Answer: d) Translation regulation
What is the process by which the expression of a gene is turned on or off in response to specific signals or stimuli?
a) Signal-dependent regulation
b) Replication
c) Transcription
d) Translation
Answer: a) Signal-dependent regulation
Which of the following is a protein that binds to mRNA and enhances its translation into protein?
a) Ribosome
b) tRNA
c) RNA polymerase
d) Translation activator
Answer: d) Translation activator
What is the process by which gene expression is influenced by the physical structure and organization of the chromosome?
a) Chromosome remodeling
b) Replication
c) Transcription
d) Translation
Answer: a) Chromosome remodeling
Which of the following is a mechanism by which cells can regulate gene expression by modifying the stability or degradation of specific RNA molecules?
a) Transcription
b) RNA processing
c) RNA degradation
d) Translation
Answer: c) RNA degradation
What is the process by which specific genes are turned on or off in response to hormonal signals?
a) Hormone-dependent regulation
b) Replication
c) Transcription
d) Translation
Answer: a) Hormone-dependent regulation
Which of the following is a regulatory RNA molecule that can bind to mRNA and regulate its stability or translation?
a) mRNA
b) tRNA
c) rRNA
d) ncRNA
Answer: d) ncRNA
What is the process by which the expression of a gene is turned on or off in response to changes in cellular conditions or stress?
a) Stress-responsive regulation
b) Replication
c) Transcription
d) Translation
Answer: a) Stress-responsive regulation
Which of the following is a mechanism by which cells can regulate gene expression by modifying the stability or degradation of specific proteins?
a) Transcription
b) Protein processing
c) Protein degradation
d) Translation
Answer: c) Protein degradation
What is the process by which small RNA molecules guide the degradation of mRNA molecules with complementary sequences?
a) Translation
b) RNA processing
c) RNA interference (RNAi)
d) Reverse transcription
Answer: c) RNA interference (RNAi)
Which of the following is a regulatory RNA molecule that can bind to DNA and control gene expression?
a) mRNA
b) tRNA
c) rRNA
d) lncRNA
Answer: d) lncRNA
What is the process by which specific genes are turned on or off during different stages of development or in different cell types?
a) Developmental regulation
b) Replication
c) Transcription
d) Translation
Answer: a) Developmental regulation
Which of the following is a protein complex that binds to specific DNA sequences and regulates the expression of nearby genes?
a) Ribosome
b) tRNA
c) RNA polymerase
d) Transcription factor
Answer: d) Transcription factor
